The languages of South America can be divided into three broad groups:
- the languages of the (in most cases, former) colonial powers
- many indigenous languages, some of which are co-official alongside the colonial languages
- and various pockets of other languages spoken by immigrant populations that have survived assimilation by the majority languages
The languages introduced by the process of the European colonization of the Americas are chiefly European, some of whom have given rise to the formation of creoles.
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Main languages
Portuguese is the majority language of South America, by a small margin. Spanish, with slightly fewer speakers than Portuguese, is the second most spoken language on the continent.
Other official and majority languages in specific countries are:
- Dutch in Suriname
- English in Guyana and the Falkland Islands.
- French in French Guiana, an overseas department of France.
Indigenous languages
Indigenous languages of South America include, among several others, Quechua languages in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and, less common in Argentina, Chile and Colombia; Guaraní in Paraguay and, to a much lesser extent, in Argentina and Bolivia; Aymara in Bolivia, Peru, and less often in Chile; Wayuu in northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela; and Mapudungun is spoken in certain pockets of southern Chile and, more rarely, Argentina.
In Bolivia, Quechua, Aymara, and Tupi Guarani are co-official alongside Spanish. In Paraguay, Guarani shares joint official status with Spanish. In Colombia, the languages of the country's ethnic groups are constitutionally recognized as official languages in their territories; more than 60 such aboriginal languages exist today. In Ecuador, Spanish, Northern Quechua and Shuar are official for intercultural relations. In Peru, Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages are co-official in the areas where they are predominant. There are many other languages once spoken in South America that are extinct today (such as the extinct languages of the Marañón River basin).
In Brazil, there are around 135 indigenous languages confirmed. The regions with the most speakers are northern and western Brazil, where there is a larger concentration of native people. Indigenous populations have been trying to keep their traditions of their homeland, with the help of Funai, the agency responsible for the protection of the native people.
Linguistic Classification of Central and South America
- Macro-Chibchan
- Chibchan
- Chibcha-Duit, Tunebo, Arhuaco, Cuna-Cueva, Guaymi-Dorasque, Talamanca, Rama-Guatuso
- Misumalpan, Paya, Xinca, Lenca
- Shiriana
- Paezan
- Choco, Cuaiquer, Andaki, Paez-Coconuco, Colorado-Cayapa, Warrau, Mura-Matanawi, Jirajira, Yunca, Atacameno, Itonama
- Chibchan
- Andean-Equatorial
- Andean
- Ona, Yahgan, Alakuluf, Tehuelche, Puelche, Araucanian
- Quechua, Aymara
- Zaparoan
- Aomurano, Cabela
- Cahuapana
- Leco, Sec, Culle, Xibito-Cholon, Catacao, Colan
- Simacu
- Jibaro-Kandoshi, Esmeralda, Cofan, Yaruro
- Macro-Tucanoan
- Tucano
- Auixira
- Catuquina, Ticuna, Muniche, Auaque, Caliana, Macu, Yuri, Canichana, Mobima
- Puinave
- Tucano
- Equatorial
- Arawak
- Chapacura-Uanhaman, Chamicuro, Apolista, Amuesha, Araua, Uru
- Tupi
- Ariqueme
- Timote, Cariri, Zamuco, Guahibo-Pamigua, Saliban, Otomaco-Taparita, Mocoa, Tuyuneri, Yuruneri, Trumai, Cayuvava
- Arawak
- Andean
- Ge-Pano-Carib
- Macro-Gê
- Ge, Caingang, Camacan, Machacali, Puri, Patacho, Malali, Coropo, Botocudo, Chiquita, Guato, Fulnio, Oti
- Bororo
- Caraja
- Macro-Panoan
- Tacana-Pano, Moseten, Mataco, Lule, Vilela, Mascoy, Charrua, Guaycuru-Opaie
- Macro-Gê
- Oto-Mangue
- Tarascan
- Hokan
- Jicaque, Yurumangui
- Penutian
- Mixe Zoque, Huave, Mayan, Totonac
- Azteco-Tanoan
Other languages
Italian is spoken by communities in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, Peru, and Venezuela.
German is used by some in Brazil, Argentina, Guyana, Suriname, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay.
Speakers of Arabic (chiefly of Lebanese, Syrian or Palestinian descent), are commonly found in parts of in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Argentina, Paraguay, Chile (largest Palestinian colony outside the Middle East) and Venezuela.
Welsh is spoken and written in the historic towns of Trelew and Rawson in the Argentine Patagonia.
There are small Croatian, Greek, Polish, Ukrainian and Russian-speaking communities in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina.
There are also many Romani-speakers, originating in Eastern Europe, throughout South America particularly in Colombia, Chile, Brazil, and Argentina.
There are Eastern European Romanian speakers, esp. in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia, where Romanian populations live.
There are also small clusters of Japanese-speakers in Brazil, Peru, Bolivia (including Okinawans from the island of Okinawa), Colombia, Paraguay, and Ecuador. Brazil currently holds the largest Japanese community outside Japan
Hindustani and other Indian languages are commonly found in Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.
Javanese is commonly found in Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.
The Rapa Nui Language is a Polynesian origin found in Easter Island, Chile and Maori is also found in Easter Island.
Most South American countries mandate the regular study of one or more of English, French, German or Italian. These countries often have advanced cultural language institutes for those respective languages centered in their major cities.
In Brazil, Italian and German dialects, specifically Talian, East Pomeranian and Riograndenser Hunsrückisch, have co-official status alongside Portuguese in about a dozen cities, and are mandatory subjects in schools in other municipalities. Brazil's largest city Sao Paulo has large numbers of German, Italian, Japanese and Levantine Arabic speakers.
- Languages in censuses
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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